About

For the experiments which we have done for the course PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY I (NFNF 2013) and PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY II (NFNF 2263), we are now presenting our lab reports in this blog to be assessed by our lecturers, Dr. MOHD HANIF BIN ZULFAKAR, DR NG SHIOW FERN and PROF MADYA DR HALIZA KATAS.

These are our group members:

1) NURUL SHUHADA BINTI HAMIDON A140216
2) NG CHU HUI A140133
3) NUR AQILAH BINTI ZAINI A139605
4) IRENE LIM JIA XIN A140273
5) MUHAMMAD NORDIN BIN M.SAUD A139415
6) MUHAMMAD SHAZERIN BIN KAMARUDIN A139798

EXPERIMENT 1 – 

• PRACTICAL 1 : BALL MILING
• PRACTICAL 2 : SIEVING
• PRACTICAL 3 : POWDER FLOW
• PRACTICAL 4 : ANGLE OF REPOSE
• PRACTICAL 5 : SHAPE AND PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS USING A MICROSCOPE

EXPERIMENT 4 –

• UNIFORMITY OF DIAMETER, THICKNESS AND HARDNESS
• TABLET FRIABILITY
• UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT TABLETS AND CAPSULES
• DOSAGE PERFORMANCE TESTS
• CONTENT OF IBUPROFEN (ASSAY)

TECHNOLOGY PHARMACEUTICAL II-

• EXPERIMENT 1: EMULSION
• EXPERIMENT 2: SUSPENSION
• EXPERIMENT 3: OINTMENT
• EXPERIMENT 4: SUPPOSITORY

EXPERIMENT 4: SUPPOSITORY

TITLE: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS OF MATERIALS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPPOSITORY FORMULATION.

AIMS:

1. To determine the effects of different composition of base on the physical characteristics of suppositories.

2. To determine the effects of different composition of base on the rate of drug release.

INTRODUCTION:

Suppository is a medicated formulation which consists of different sizes and shapes. Making the drug more suitable to be administered to patient through rectum, vagina or urethra. It is generally conical or bullet shape. The ideal suppository bases must be able to melt at body temperature, 37⁰C, non irritating, physically and chemically stable, inert, high viscosity when melted and then to release the drug locally or systemically. Bases that is more widely used in a formulation is cocoa butter which are innocuous, bland , non reactive and melts at body temperature. The amount of dose of drug incorporated into a suppository depends on the release properties of the base.

Suppository is taken when a person unable to take medicine orally and is mainly used to treat constipation. The advantage of suppository is that it can prevent first pass effect ,and to avoid the digestive enzyme and thus increase bioavailability. The suppository can be targeted delivery system and get to site of action with lower dose. This will reducing systemic toxicity. If there is severe nausea or vomiting it is advisable to use suppository as well. But, suppository have some disadvantages. It can cause mucosal irritation, patience compliance, erratic and undesired absorption. If patient with diarrhea and disease state will affect absorption.

The action level of suppository depends on the nature of drug, types of bases, concentration of drugs and absorption rate of targeted site. The pH of the mucosal is important for drug absorption. Weak acids and bases can be absorbed more effective than strong acids and bases. This is due to highly ionized drugs are poorly absorbed. Drug has to be incorporated into a suitable suppository base in order to deliver the drug efficiently to the targeted site. A different composition of suppository base will influence the drug release rate. If a drug is more soluble in base, this will slow down the release rate of drug from suppository. On the contrary, a drug which is less soluble in base will be more readily released. A good base must not cause toxicity, does not cause irritation, does not react with the drug and easy to form suppositories. In this experiment, water-soluble base, polyethylene glycol is used.

PRACTICAL 3: OINTMENT

Title:

Effect of Different Ingredients on the Characteristics of an Ointment

Aim:

To study the effects of different ointment composition on the physical characteristics of ointment formed and the rate of drug released from it.

Introduction:

Ointment formulation is a semisolid dosage form which is suitable for external application on skin. It is oily preparations that contain one or more active ingredients that is soluble or spread homogenously. A good ointment must have an appealing texture, easy to use on skin characteristic as well as releasing it active ingredient from it.

Generally, ointment composed of active ingredient either powder or liquid that is incorporated into the oily semisolid continuous phase. In Pharmaceutics, ointment preparation is used to act as local treatment at application site, increasing the moisture of the skin (emollient effect).

PRACTICAL 2: SUSPENSION

Title:  

Evaluation on the effect of different composition of tragacanth on the characteristics of a suspension.

Objective:

To study the effect of the composition of tragacanth on the texture, clarity and the colour    of the suspension, the rate of sedimentation and viscosity of the suspensions of different compositions.

Introduction:

            Suspension is a formulation where insoluble solid is suspended in a liquid when the disperse phase is solid and the continuous phase is liquid. There are certain types of suspension which are oral, topical, parenteral and ophthalmic suspensions. In certain conditions, suspensions can be advantageous compared to liquid dosage form. For example, some drugs are chemically unstable in solution but are stable when suspended. Furthermore, some drugs have a bad taste when in solution but are palatable when administered as undissolved particles. A good suspension should have the following properties such as must be homogenously dispersed when shaked, pourable, pleasant taste and texture and also uniform particle size. Besides, they should also be ease of redispersion of settled solid particles, physically and chemically stable and resistant against microbial contamination. Some of these characteristics are being studied in this practical experiment.

Many active ingredients are insoluble in aqueous solution and thus wetting agents also known as surfactants have to be added in order to suspend the solid in the aqueous phase. Among the examples of wetting agents are tragacanth (which is used in this experiment) and sodium lauryl sulphate. They act by reducing the interfacial surface tension between the drug particles and the suspension vehicles. Other excipients added to a suspension are colouring agent, flavouring, syrup and preservatives. The advantages of suspension are that it improves the stability of the active ingredient, palatability and bioavailability of the formulation.

The sedimentation rate, viscosity, and physical appearance of the suspension is being studied by observing, using the viscometer and centrifuge.

PRACTICAL 1: EMULSION

Practical 1: Evaluation of the Effects of Certain Content on the Characteristics of an Emulsion Formulation 

AIMS

1. To identify the effects of HLB surfactant on the stability of the emulsion.
2. To determine the physical and stability effects on the emulsion formulation due to the different of emulsifying agents used.

INTRODUCTION

Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable two phase system. It contain at least two immiscible liquids which one of them is dispersed homogenously (dispersed phase) in another liquid (continuous phase). Emulsion can be classified as two types: water in oil emulsion and oil in water emulsion. Emulsion can be stabilised by adding the emulsifying agent. Emulsifying agent can be divided into four type namely hydrophilic colloid, finely divided particles, surface active agent or surfactant.

HLB method is being used to identify the quantity and types of surfactant that is needed in order to produce a stable emulsion. Each surfactants, is numbered based on the HLB scale which is 1 (lipophilic) to 20 (hydrophilic). Usually, the combination of two emulsifying agents is used to produce a more stable preparation of emulsion.

Practical 7 : Exp 2 : Tablet Friability

TITLE

TABLET FRIABILITY

OBJECTIVE

To determine the friability of tablets to withstand with damaged

INTRODUCTION

Tablet Friability is the evaluation the ability of tablets to withstand abrasion, packaging, handling and shipping. It can also be defined as the phenomenon whereby tablet surfaces are damaged and /or show evidence of lamination or breakage when subjected to mechanical shock or attrition.

Tablets are constantly subjected to mechanical shocks and aberration to manufacturing, packing and transportation process. Such stress can lead to capping, aberration ar eve breakage of tablets. It is therefore important that the tablet is formulated to withstand such stress. In order to monitor the resistance of tablets to such stress and to decide on their suitability for further processing such as coating, tablets are routinely subjected to friability test.

Practical 5 : Shape And Particle Size Analysis Using A Microscope

TITLE : ANALYSIS OF SHAPE AND SIZE OF PARTICLES USING MICROSCOPE

AIM:

To analyses the various size and shapes of the prepared samples (150, 355, 500 and 850 micrometers and various sizes sand).

INTRODUCTION:

Using microscope is an excellent technique to analyse shape and size of particle is very good technique  because we directly look at the particles.This technique is very cheap compare to other as is require microscope and sample. There are three types of microscope presence to analyse size and shape of the samples. Which is light microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and  scanning electron microscope (SEM). For light microscope, the samples are dispersed on a microscope slide to avoid analysis of agglomerated particles. For SEM, samples are fixed to aluminium stubs or planchettes before sputter coating to produce a film of gold a few nanometer in thickness. For TEM, samples are set in resin, sectioned by microtome before metallic coating on a supporting metal grid.  The equivalent diameters measured for microscope method are projected area diameter, projected perimeter diameter, Feret’s diameter and Martin’s diameter.

Practical 7 : Exp 5 : Content Of Ibuprofen (Assay)

TITTLE: Content of Ibuprofen

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the given formulation of Ibuprofen

INTRODUCTION:

Ibuprofen is NSAID mean non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Ibuprofen is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury.  It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.as for precaution do not use ibuprofen before or after heart surgery.

Practical 1 : Ball Milling

Practical 1:

Title: Ball Milling

Sieve. The sieving process in this experiment uses a stack of sieves which have the smallest mesh above a collector tray followed by meshes
which get progressively coarser towards the
top of the stack.

Objective:

To grind the coarse salt to a smaller size by using a ball mill and to obtain the particle size distribution of the initial and the sieved final mixture.

Introduction:

‘Ball milling is a method used to break down the solids to smaller sizes or into a powder. A ball mill is a type of grinder which consists of a cylinder. It is used in grinding (or mixing) materials like ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints. The cylinder rotates around a horizontal axis. It is partially filled with the grinding medium and the material to be ground. Materials which can be used as media are ceramic balls, pebbles and stainless steel balls. Large to medium-sized ball mill is mechanically rotated on its axis, but small one (as in our laboratory) has its container sits on two drive shafts (where pulleys and belts are utilised to transmit rotary motion).

There are different types of milling equipment used in which they can be categorized according to the principal method applied. No matter what principal method is applied, the extent of size reduction is always associated to the milling time. We have cutting methods, impact method, compression method and attrition method. Ball mills uses combined impact and attrition methods.

In this experiment, we are required to break the coarse salt down using a ball mill and then by using a sieve, the particle size distribution is known.

Practical 7 : Exp 4 : Dosage Performance Tests.

Practical 7 : Exp 4 : Dosage Performance Tests.

DATE: 9/12/2013

TITLE: Disintegration test for sugar-coated tablet

AIM   : To investigate the compliance of tablets with the disintegration test.

INTRODUCTION:

Tablet disintegration testing is used as a quality-assurance measure. This is because, for some cases if the disintegration time is too high; it means that the tablet is too highly compressed or the capsule shell gelatine is not of pharmacopoeial quality. Also if the disintegration time is not uniform in a set of samples being analysed, it indicates batch inconsistency and lack of batch uniformity. It is not a true predictor of how well the dosage form will release its active ingredient in vivo.

Practical 4 : Angle Of Repose

PRACTICAL 4 : ANGLE OF REPOSE

AIM   : To investigate the angle of repose of 355mic, 500mic, 850mic and various sizes of sands and factors affecting it.

INTRODUCTION:

Angle of repose is a term used to describe the maximum angle, measured upwards from the horizontal, at which a pile of a particular granular material will remain stable without any of the material sliding downward. It is useful in designing storage and transportation machinery for granular materials as it can give an engineer insight into the appropriate size and shape of such devices.